Smac induces cytochrome c release and apoptosis independently from Bax/Bcl-xL in a strictly caspase-3-dependent manner in human carcinoma cells

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Item Type:	Article
Title:	Smac induces cytochrome c release and apoptosis independently from Bax/Bcl-xL in a strictly caspase-3-dependent manner in human carcinoma cells
Creators Name:	Hasenjaeger, A., Gillissen, B., Mueller, A., Normand, G., Hemmati, P.G., Schuler, M., Doerken, B. and Daniel, P.T.
Abstract:	The mitochondrial apoptosis pathway mediates cell death through the release of various pro-apoptotic factors including cytochrome c and Smac, the second mitochondrial activator of caspases, into the cytosol. Smac was shown previously to inhibit IAP proteins and to facilitate initiation of the caspase cascade upon cytochrome c release. To investigate Smac function during apoptosis and to explore Smac as an experimental cancer therapeutic, we constructed an expression system based on a single adenoviral vector containing Smac under control of the Tet-off system supplied in cis. Conditional expression of Smac induced apoptosis in human HCT116 and DU145 carcinoma cells regardless of the loss of Bax or overexpression of Bcl-xL. Nevertheless, apoptosis induced by Smac was associated with cytochrome c release and breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential. This indicates that Smac acts independently of Bax and Bcl-xL during initiation of apoptosis and triggers a positive feedback loop that results in Bax/Bcl-xL-independent activation of mitochondria. In caspase-proficient cells, Smac-induced apoptosis could be inhibited partially by cell-permeable LEHD (caspase-9 inhibitor) and DEVD (caspase-3 inhibitor) peptides. Furthermore, loss of caspase-3 expression in MCF-7 cells carrying a caspase-3 null mutation completely abrogated the sensitivity for Smac-induced apoptotic or nonapoptotic, necrosis-like cell death, while re-expression of caspase-3 conferred sensitivity. Altogether, caspase-3 but not caspase-9 activation was necessary for execution of Smac-induced cell death. Notably, Smac did not induce caspase-9 processing in the absence of caspase-3. Thus, caspase-9 processing occurs secondary to caspase-3 activation during Smac-induced apoptosis. Altogether, Smac is capable of circumventing defects in mitochondrial apoptosis signaling such as loss of Bax or overexpression of Bcl-xL that are frequently observed in tumor cells resistant to anticancer therapy. Consequently, Smac appears to be a promising therapeutic target in anticancer treatment.
Keywords:	Smac, Apoptosis, Bax, Bcl-xL, Caspase-3, Caspase-9
Source:	Oncogene
ISSN:	0950-9232
Publisher:	Nature Publishing Group
Volume:	23
Number:	26
Page Range:	4523-4535
Date:	3 June 2004
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207594
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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