The contractile machines of the heart

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Item Type:	Review
Title:	The contractile machines of the heart
Creators Name:	Morano, I.
Abstract:	This chapter will describe basic structural and functional features of the contractile apparatus of muscle cells of the heart, namely, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells. Cardiomyocytes form the contractile myocardium of the heart, while smooth muscle cells form the contractile coronary vessels. Both muscle types have distinct properties and will be considered with respect to their cellular appearance (brick-like cross-striated versus spindle-like smooth), arrangement of contractile proteins (sarcomeric versus non-sarcomeric organization), calcium activation mechanisms (thin-filament versus thick-filament regulation), contractile features (fast and phasic versus slow and tonic), energy metabolism (high oxygen versus low oxygen demand), molecular motors (type II myosin isoenzymes with high adenosine diphosphate [ADP]-release rate versus myosin isoenzymes with low ADP-release rates), chemomechanical energy conversion (high adenosine triphosphate [ATP] consumption and short duty ratio versus low ATP consumption and high duty ratio of myosin II cross-bridges [XBs]), and excitation-contraction coupling (calcium-induced calcium release versus pharmacomechanical coupling).
Keywords:	Contractile Proteins, Muscle, Sarcomere, Oxygen, Calcium, Epicardium, Endocardium, Myocardium, Cardiomyocytes, Cell-Cell Junctions, Heartbeat, Systole, Diastole, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Calsequestrin, Ryanodine Receptor, Calcium Channel, Myofibrils, Thin Filament, Thick Filament, Titin, Actin, Troponin, Tropomyosin, Myosin, Myosin-Binding Protein C, Adenylate Cyclase, ATP, ADP, Oxygen Consumption, Isometric Contraction, Frank-Starling Mechanism, Isotonic Contraction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, PKA, SERCA, Chronotropy, Inotropy, Smooth Muscle Cells, Coronary Vessels, Cross-Striation, Gap Junctions, Phosphorylation, Myosin Heavy Chain, MYH, IP3 Receptor, IP3R, Animals
Source:	Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
Series Name:	Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
Title of Book:	Congenital Heart Diseases: The Broken Heart : Clinical Features, Human Genetics and Molecular Pathways
ISSN:	0065-2598
ISBN:	978-3-031-44089-2
Publisher:	Springer
Volume:	1441
Page Range:	417-433
Number of Pages:	1112
Date:	18 June 2024
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_21
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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