Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions

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Item Type:	Article
Title:	Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions
Creators Name:	Escartin, C., Galea, E., Lakatos, A., O'Callaghan, J.P., Petzold, G.C., Serrano-Pozo, A., Steinhäuser, C., Volterra, A., Carmignoto, G., Agarwal, A., Allen, N.J., Araque, A., Barbeito, L., Barzilai, A., Bergles, D.E., Bonvento, G., Butt, A.M., Chen, W.T., Cohen-Salmon, M., Cunningham, C., Deneen, B., De Strooper, B., Díaz-Castro, B., Farina, C., Freeman, M., Gallo, V., Goldman, J.E., Goldman, S.A., Götz, M., Gutiérrez, A., Haydon, P.G., Heiland, D.H., Hol, E.M., Holt, M.G., Iino, M., Kastanenka, K.V., Kettenmann, H., Khakh, B.S., Koizumi, S., Lee, C.J., Liddelow, S.A., MacVicar, B.A., Magistretti, P., Messing, A., Mishra, A., Molofsky, A.V., Murai, K.K., Norris, C.M., Okada, S., Oliet, S.H.R., Oliveira, J.F., Panatier, A., Parpura, V., Pekna, M., Pekny, M., Pellerin, L., Perea, G., Pérez-Nievas, B.G., Pfrieger, F.W., Poskanzer, K.E., Quintana, F.J., Ransohoff, R.M., Riquelme-Perez, M., Robel, S., Rose, C.R., Rothstein, J.D., Rouach, N., Rowitch, D.H., Semyanov, A., Sirko, S., Sontheimer, H., Swanson, R.A., Vitorica, J., Wanner, I.B., Wood, L.B., Wu, J., Zheng, B., Zimmer, E.R., Zorec, R., Sofroniew, M.V. and Verkhratsky, A.
Abstract:	Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters-preferably in vivo-plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions.
Keywords:	Aging, Astrocytes, Brain, Brain Diseases, Brain Injuries, Spinal Cord, Spinal Cord Injuries, Animals
Source:	Nature Neuroscience
ISSN:	1097-6256
Publisher:	Nature Publishing Group
Volume:	24
Number:	3
Page Range:	312-325
Date:	March 2021
Additional Information:	Copyright © Springer Nature America, Inc. 2021
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4
External Fulltext:	View full text on PubMed Central
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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