Cell biology and physiology of CLC chloride channels and transporters

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Item Type:	Article
Title:	Cell biology and physiology of CLC chloride channels and transporters
Creators Name:	Stauber, T., Weinert, S. and Jentsch, T.J.
Abstract:	Proteins of the CLC gene family assemble to homo- or sometimes heterodimers and either function as Cl - channels or as Cl -/H +-exchangers. CLC proteins are present in all phyla. Detailed structural information is available from crystal structures of bacterial and algal CLCs. Mammals express nine CLC genes, four of which encode Cl - channels and five 2Cl -/H +-exchangers. Two accessory Î²-subunits are known: (1) barttin and (2)Ostm1. ClC-Ka and ClC-Kb Cl - channels need barttin, whereas Ostm1 is required for the function of the lysosomal ClC-7 2Cl -/H +-exchanger. ClC-1, -2, -Ka and -Kb Cl - channels reside in the plasma membrane and function in the control of electrical excitability of muscles or neurons, in extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and in transepithelial transport. The mainly endosomal/lysosomal Cl -/H +-exchangers ClC-3 to ClC-7 may facilitate vesicular acidification by shunting currents of proton pumps and increase vesicular Cl - concentration. ClC-3 is also present on synaptic vesicles, whereas ClC-4 and -5 can reach the plasma membrane to some extent. ClC-7/Ostm1 is coinserted with the vesicular H +-ATPase into the acid-secreting ruffled border membrane of osteoclasts. Mice or humans lacking ClC-7 or Ostm1 display osteopetrosis and lysosomal storage disease. Disruption of the endosomal ClC-5 Cl -/H +-exchanger leads to proteinuria and Dent's disease. Mouse models in which ClC- 5 or ClC-7 is converted to uncoupled Cl - conductors suggest an important role of vesicular Cl - accumulation in these pathologies. The important functions of CLC Cl - channels were also revealed by human diseases and mouse models, with phenotypes including myotonia, renal loss of salt and water, deafness, blindness, leukodystrophy, and male infertility.
Keywords:	Cell Membrane, Channelopathies, Chloride Channels, Chlorides, Ion Pumps, Animals, Mice
Source:	Comprehensive Physiology
ISSN:	2040-4603
Publisher:	American Physiological Society
Volume:	2
Number:	3
Page Range:	1701-1744
Date:	1 July 2012
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c110038
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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