Long COVID and the cardiovascular system - elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms in order to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial & Pericardial Diseases

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Item Type:	Review
Title:	Long COVID and the cardiovascular system - elucidating causes and cellular mechanisms in order to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies: a joint Scientific Statement of the ESC Working Groups on Cellular Biology of the Heart and Myocardial & Pericardial Diseases
Creators Name:	Gyöngyösi, M. and Alcaide, P. and Asselbergs, F.W. and Brundel, B.J.J.M. and Camici, G.G. and da Costa Martins, P. and Ferdinandy, P. and Fontana, M. and Girao, H. and Gnecchi, M. and Gollmann-Tepeköylü, C. and Kleinbongard, P. and Krieg, T. and Madonna, R. and Paillard, M. and Pantazis, A. and Perrino, C. and Pesce, M. and Schiattarella, G.G. and Sluijter, J.P.G. and Steffens, S. and Tschöpe, C. and Van Linthout, S. and Davidson, S.M.
Abstract:	Long COVID has become a world-wide, non-communicable epidemic, caused by long-lasting multi-organ symptoms that endure for weeks or months after SARS-CoV-2 infection has already subsided. This scientific document aims to provide insight into the possible causes and therapeutic options available for the cardiovascular manifestations of long COVID. In addition to chronic fatigue, which is a common symptom of long COVID, patients may present with chest pain, ECG abnormalities, postural orthostatic tachycardia, or newly developed supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmias. Imaging of the heart and vessels has provided evidence of chronic, post-infectious peri-myocarditis with consequent left or right ventricular failure, arterial wall inflammation or micro-thrombosis in certain patient populations. Better understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of long COVID will aid in the development of effective treatment strategies for its cardiovascular manifestations. A number of mechanisms have been proposed, including those involving direct effects on the myocardium, micro-thrombotic damage to vessels or endothelium, or persistent inflammation. Unfortunately, existing circulating biomarkers, coagulation and inflammatory markers, are not highly predictive for either the presence or outcome of long COVID when measured 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies are needed to understand underlying mechanisms, identify specific biomarkers and guide future preventive strategies or treatments to address long COVID and its cardiovascular sequelae.
Keywords:	Covid-19, Long COVID, Post COVID, Virus, Cardiovascular
Source:	Cardiovascular Research
ISSN:	0008-6363
Publisher:	Oxford University Press
Volume:	119
Number:	2
Page Range:	336-356
Date:	February 2023
Additional Information:	Copyright © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits noncommercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvac115
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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