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| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | Synthesis of europium-doped VSOP, customized enhancer solution and improved microscopy fluorescence methodology for unambiguous histological detection |
| Creators Name: | de Schellenberger, A.A. and Hauptmann, R. and Millward, J.M. and Schellenberger, E. and Kobayashi, Y. and Taupitz, M. and Infante-Duarte, C. and Schnorr, J. and Wagner, S. |
| Abstract: | BACKGROUND: Intrinsic iron in biological tissues frequently precludes unambiguous the identification of iron oxide nanoparticles when iron-based detection methods are used. Here we report the full methodology for synthesizing very small iron oxide nanoparticles (VSOP) doped with europium (Eu) in their iron oxide core (Eu-VSOP) and their unambiguous qualitative and quantitative detection by fluorescence. METHODS AND RESULTS: The resulting Eu-VSOP contained 0.7 to 2.7% Eu relative to iron, which was sufficient for fluorescent detection while not altering other important particle parameters such as size, surface charge, or relaxivity. A customized enhancer solution with high buffer capacity and nearly neutral pH was developed to provide an antenna system that allowed fluorescent detection of Eu-VSOP in cells and histologic tissue slices as well as in solutions even under acidic conditions as frequently obtained from dissolved organic material. This enhancer solution allowed detection of Eu-VSOP using a standard fluorescence spectrophotometer and a fluorescence microscope equipped with a custom filter set with an excitation wavelength ({lambda}ex) of 338 nm and an emission wavelength ({lambda}em) of 616 nm. CONCLUSION: The fluorescent detection of Eu-doped very small iron oxide nanoparticles (Eu-VSOP) provides a straightforward tool to unambiguously characterize VSOP biodistribution and toxicology at tissue, and cellular levels, providing a sensitive analytical tool to detect Eu-doped IONP in dissolved organ tissue and biological fluids with fluorescence instruments. |
| Keywords: | VSOP, Europium, Fluorescence, MRI, Animals, Mice |
| Source: | Journal of Nanobiotechnology |
| ISSN: | 1477-3155 |
| Publisher: | BioMed Central |
| Volume: | 15 |
| Number: | 1 |
| Page Range: | 71 |
| Date: | 10 October 2017 |
| Official Publication: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-017-0301-6 |
| PubMed: | View item in PubMed |
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