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| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | Retrotransposition creates sloping shores: a graded influence of hypomethylated CpG islands on flanking CpG sites |
| Creators Name: | Grandi, F.C. and Rosser, J.M. and Newkirk, S.J. and Yin, J. and Jiang, X. and Xing, Z. and Whitmore, L. and Bashir, S. and Ivics, Z. and Izsvák, Z. and Ye, P. and Yu, Y.E. and An, W. |
| Abstract: | Long interspersed elements (LINEs), through both self-mobilization and trans-mobilization of short interspersed elements and processed pseudogenes, have made an indelible impact on the structure and function of the human genome. One consequence is the creation of new CpG islands (CGIs). In fact, more than half of all CGIs in the genome are associated with repetitive DNA, three-quarters of which are derived from retrotransposons. However, little is known about the epigenetic impact of newly inserted CGIs. We utilized a transgenic LINE-1 mouse model and tracked DNA methylation dynamics of individual germline insertions during mouse development. The retrotransposed GFP marker sequence, a strong CGI, is hypomethylated in male germ cells but hypermethylated in somatic tissues, regardless of genomic location. The GFP marker is similarly methylated when delivered into the genome via the Sleeping Beauty DNA transposon, suggesting that the observed methylation pattern may be independent of the mode of insertion. Comparative analyses between insertion- and non-insertion-containing alleles further reveal a graded influence of the retrotransposed CGI on flanking CpG sites, a phenomenon that we described as "sloping shores." Computational analyses of human and mouse methylomic data at single-base resolution confirm that sloping shores are universal for hypomethylated CGIs in sperm and somatic tissues. Additionally, the slope of a hypomethylated CGI can be affected by closely positioned CGI neighbors. Finally, by tracing sloping shore dynamics through embryonic and germ cell reprogramming, we found evidence of bookmarking, a mechanism that likely determines which CGIs will be eventually hyper- or hypomethylated. |
| Keywords: | Computational Biology, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, DNA Transposable Elements, Genetic Epigenesis, Genome, Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements, Spermatozoa, Transgenic Mice, Animals, Mice |
| Source: | Genome Research |
| ISSN: | 1088-9051 |
| Publisher: | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |
| Volume: | 25 |
| Number: | 8 |
| Page Range: | 1135-1146 |
| Date: | August 2015 |
| Additional Information: | Erratum in: Genome Res 30(2): 313. |
| Official Publication: | https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.185132.114 |
| PubMed: | View item in PubMed |
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