The impact of insulin-independent, glucagon-induced suppression of total ghrelin on satiety in obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus

Item Type:	Article
Title:	The impact of insulin-independent, glucagon-induced suppression of total ghrelin on satiety in obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus
Creators Name:	Arafat, A.M. and Weickert, M.O. and Adamidou, A. and Otto, B. and Perschel, F.H. and Spranger, J. and Moehlig, M. and Pfeiffer, A.F.H.
Abstract:	AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The mechanisms underlying glucagon-induced satiety are incompletely understood. The glucagon-induced reduction in total ghrelin exerted at the hypothalamo-pituitary level might be responsible for this effect. Here we investigated glucagon-suppressive effects on circulating total and acyl-ghrelin, both in obesity and in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), with respect to the role of glucagon in appetite control. We further aimed to identify a possible mechanistic impact of changes in endogenous insulin. METHODS: In our prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the endocrine and metabolic responses to intramuscular glucagon administration in 13 patients with T1DM (6 males, 7 females; body mass index [BMI] 24.8 +/- 0.95 kg/m(2)), 11 obese participants (OP; 5 males, 6 females; BMI 34.4 +/- 1.7 kg/m(2)), and 13 healthy lean participants (LP; 6 males, 7 females; BMI 21.7 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: As compared with placebo, glucagon significantly increased satiety index in T1DM and in LP (P < .001) but failed to induce satiety in OP (P = .152). Total ghrelin significantly decreased after glucagon administration in all study groups (P < .01). Similarly, acyl-ghrelin significantly decreased in LP (P < .01). However, acyl-ghrelin concentrations showed no change in OP (P = .248) and even increased substantially in T1DM (P < .01). Changes in acyl-ghrelin correlated positively with changes in nonesterified fatty acid concentrations in all groups (r = 0.31-0.43; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Glucagon-induced satiety was preserved in T1DM but not in obesity. This effect was unrelated to changes in total or acylated ghrelin and was independent of endogenous insulin release. In contrast to the insulin-independent glucagon-induced suppression of total ghrelin, glucagon- and/or insulin-induced modification of lipolysis may determine changes in acylated ghrelin.
Keywords:	Double-Blind Method, Ghrelin, Glucagon, Obesity, Satiation, Satiety Response, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Source:	Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
ISSN:	0021-972X
Publisher:	Endocrine Society
Volume:	98
Number:	10
Page Range:	4133-4142
Date:	October 2013
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1635
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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