Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study

Item Type:	Article
Title:	Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study
Creators Name:	Key, T.J. and Appleby, P.N. and Allen, N.E. and Travis, R.C. and Roddam, A.W. and Jenab, M. and Egevad, L. and Tjonneland, A. and Johnsen, N.F. and Overvad, K. and Linseisen, J. and Rohrmann, S. and Boeing, H. and Pischon, T. and Psaltopoulou, T. and Trichopoulou, A. and Trichopoulos, D. and Palli, D. and Vineis, P. and Tumino, R. and Berrino, F. and Kiemeney, L. and Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B. and Quiros, J.R. and Gonzalez, C.A. and Martinez, C. and Larranaga, N. and Chirlaque, M.D. and Ardanaz, E. and Stattin, P. and Hallmans, G. and Khaw, K.T. and Bingham, S. and Slimani, N. and Ferrari, P. and Rinaldi, S. and Riboli, E.
Abstract:	BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that high plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the associations between plasma concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk. DESIGN: A total of 137,001 men in 8 European countries participated. After a mean of 6 y, 966 incident cases of prostate cancer with plasma were available. A total of 1064 control subjects were selected and were matched for study center, age, and date of recruitment. The relative risk of prostate cancer was estimated by conditional logistic regression, which was adjusted for smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index, marital status, physical activity, and education level. RESULTS: Overall, none of the micronutrients examined were significantly associated with prostate cancer risk. For lycopene and the sum of carotenoids, there was evidence of heterogeneity between the associations with risks of localized and advanced disease. These carotenoids were not associated with the risk of localized disease but were inversely associated with the risk of advanced disease. The risk of advanced disease for men in the highest fifth of plasma concentrations compared with men in the lowest fifth was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.88) for lycopene and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.78) for the sum of carotenoids. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect, an association of dietary choice with delayed detection of prostate cancer, reverse causality, or other factors.
Keywords:	Carotenoids, Retinol, Tocopherols, Lycopene, Prostate Cancer , Nested Case-Control Study
Source:	American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
ISSN:	0002-9165
Volume:	86
Number:	3
Page Range:	672-681
Date:	September 2007
Official Publication:	http://www.ajcn.org/content/86/3/672.long#FN3
PubMed:	View item in PubMed

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