The contractile apparatus of the heart

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Item Type:	Book Section
Title:	The contractile apparatus of the heart
Creators Name:	Morano, I.
Abstract:	In the present chapter, I will describe basic structural and functional features of the contractile apparatus of muscle cells of the heart, namely, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells. Cardiomyocytes form the contractile myocardium of the heart, while smooth muscle cells form the contractile coronary vessels. Both muscle types have distinct properties and will be considered with respect to their cellular appearance (brick-like cross-striated versus spindle-like smooth), arrangement of contractile proteins (organized in sarcomeres versus non-sarcomeric organization), calcium activation mechanisms (thin-filament versus thick-filament regulation), contractile features (fast and phasic versus slow and tonic), energy metabolism (high oxygen versus low oxygen demand), chemomechanical energy conversion (high adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption and short duty ratio versus low ATP consumption and high duty ratio), excitation-contraction coupling (calcium-induced calcium release versus pharmacomechanical coupling), and molecular motors (type II myosin isoenzymes with high adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-release rate versus myosin isoenzymes with low ADP-release rates).
Keywords:	Contractile Proteins, Muscle, Sarcomere, Oxygen, Calcium, Epicardium, Endocardium, Myocardium, Cardiomyocytes, Cell-Cell Junctions, Heart Beat, Systole, Diastole, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, Calsequestrin, Ryanodine Receptor, Calcium Channel, Myofibrils, Thin Filament, Thick Filament, Actin, Tropomyosin, Myosin, Myosin-Binding Protein C, Troponin, Adenylate Cyclase, ATP, ADP, Oxygen Consumption, Isometric Contraction, Titin, Frank-Starling Mechanism, Isotonic Contraction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, PKA, SERCA, Chronotropy, Inotropy, Smooth Muscle Cells, Coronary Vessels, Cross-Striation, Gap Junctions, Phosphorylation, Myosin Heavy Chain, MYH, IP3 Receptor, IP3R
Title of Book:	Congenital Heart Diseases: The Broken Heart : Clinical Features, Human Genetics and Molecular Pathways
ISBN:	978-3-7091-1882-5
Publisher:	Springer
Page Range:	237-250
Date:	2016
Official Publication:	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1883-2_17

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