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An integrated landscape of mRNA and protein isoforms

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Item Type:Article
Title:An integrated landscape of mRNA and protein isoforms
Creators: Kedan, Amir, Zauber, Henrik ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-1147, Wang, Meng-Ran, Kim, Suyeon, Zhu, Qionghua, Fang, Liang, Lilley, Kathryn S., Chen, Wei ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3263-1627 and Selbach, Matthias ORCID logoORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2454-8751
Abstract:Alternative splicing and proteolytic processing expand proteome diversity by generating distinct protein isoforms from a single gene. However, the relationship between transcript isoforms and protein products remains poorly understood because of limitations in current proteomic workflows. Here, we combined full-length mRNA sequencing with protein fractionation and quantitative mass spectrometry to generate an integrated landscape of mRNA and protein isoforms in human RPE-1 cells. To overcome the ambiguity of bottom-up proteomics, we developed IsoFrac, a computational pipeline that resolves protein isoforms from molecular-weight-resolved peptide migration profiles. Using this approach, we identified ∼45,000 full-length transcripts, ∼32,000 open reading frames (ORFs), and ∼14,000 protein isoform candidates. Comparative analyses revealed widespread translation of alternative transcripts and identified shorter protein variants, likely arising from proteolytic processing and/or alternative translation, as a major and underappreciated source of proteome complexity. Our results establish a scalable framework for isoform-resolved proteogenomics and provide a resource for studying protein isoform diversity.
Source:Cell Reports
ISSN:2211-1247
Publisher:Cell Press / Elsevier
Volume:45
Number:9
Page Range:117898
Number of Pages:1
Date:22 September 2026
Official Publication:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117898
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